Oracle Fundamental I - Chapter 2: Started with oracle Server

Database Administration Tools

Tools	Description
Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)	Used to install, upgrade, or remove software components with GUI interface.
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant	A graphical user interface tool that interacts with the OUI, or can be used independently, to create, delete, or modify a database.
SQL *Plus	A utility to access data in an oracle database. The mostly used tool by DBA to administrating the database/instance.
DB console (Oracle Enterprise Manager in previous version as 9i)	A graphical interface used to administer, monitor, and tune one or more databases.

The Oracld Universal Installer is a Java based engine, which provides the GUI interface to administrates the installation process.

To start OUI in Unix/Linux environment,  the installation program is called runInstaller,
which is located under oracle\oui\install direcotry, you issue the following command:

$ ./runInstaller

To start OUI on NT environment, the installation program is calle Setup,
which is located under Program Files/Oracle/oui/install, you issue the following steps:

Start  >  Programes  >  Oracle Installation Products  >  Universal Installer

Oracle Database Configuration Assitant can be used for the following:
- Create a database
- Configure database options
- Delete a database
- Manage templates

When creating a new database, DBCA will prompt you for setup the administrative level privilege.
To administrates an Oracle database, you need those privilege for appropriate acceses.

• Users sys and system are created automatically
• During database creation
• Granted the DBA role (DBA role is a default bunch of privilege created duing Oracle installation to provide DBA level privilege)
• User Sys
• Owner of the database data dictionary
• Default password: change_on_install
• User System
• Owner of additional internal tables and views user by Oracle tools.
• Default password: manager

If you use DBCA to create a database, you will get the chance to modify the passwords during the creation process.


SQL*Plus is an Oracle tool, which provides:

• capability to interact with and manipulate the database, which is based on the command prompt interface. SQL and PL/SQL is the languages used by SQL*PLus.
• Ability to startup and shutdown the database, create and run queries, add/update/delete/query rows, data and write reports, etc.
• Connecting to SQL*Plus:
• By default, SQL*Plus is located under $ORACLE_HOME/bin

$ sqlplus /nolog SQL> connect / as sysdba Connected to an idle instance.

                          

Oracle DB console (Oracle Enterprise Manager in 9i or previous) is the Oracle tool based on GUI interface to administrate Oracle instance and database.

• Serves as centralized systems management tool for DBAs.
• A tool to administer, diagnose, and tune multiple databases.
• A tool to administer multiple network nodes and services from many locations.
• Use to share tasks with other administrators.
• Provices tools for administering parallel services and replicated databases.

KSH - Korn Shell Tutorial

KSH - Korn Shell Tutorial

• Matching Patterns
• Conditional Statements
• Test Objects (Files, Directories, etc.)
• Format of flow control functions
• Positional Parameter
• Redirections
• Other functionalities
• Examples
• Regular Expression
• Array

---

Matching Patterns

pattern:    example:      matches:                    not matched:

------------------------------------------------------------------

*           boo*          boot,boo,booth

?           boo?          boot                        booth

[...]       [aeiou]*      ark                         bark

[!...]      boo[!st]      boor                        boot

*(cc|cc)    boo*(ze|r)    boo,boor,booze,boozer       boot

+(cc|cc)    boo+(ze|r)    boor,booze,boozer           boo

?(cc|cc)    boo?(ze|r)    boo,boor,booze              boozer

@(cc|cc)    boo@(ze|r)    booze,booth                 boo

!(cc|cc)    boo!(ze|r)    booth,boo,boot              booze,boor

{c,c,c}     a{b,c,d}e     abe,ace,ade                 axe

---

Conditional Statements

format                           "true" if:

---------------------------------------------------

(( _num1_ == _num2_ ))           numbers equal

(( _num1_ != _num2_ ))           numbers not equal

(( _num1_ < _num2_ ))            num1 < num2

(( _num1_ > _num2_ ))            num1 > num2

(( _num1_ <= _num2_ ))           num1 <= num2

(( _num1_ >= _num2_ ))           num1 >= num2

[[ _str1_ == _str2_ ]]           strings equal

[[ _str1_ != _str2_ ]]           strings not equal

[[ _str1_ < _str2_ ]]            str1 precedes str2

[[ _str1_ > _str2_ ]]            str1 follow str2

[[ _str1_ = _pattern_ ]]         str1 = pattern

[[ _str1_ != _pattern_ ]]        str1 != pattern

[[ -z _str_ ]]                   str is null

[[ -n _str_ ]]                   str is not null

[ x=y -o k=j ]                   or in expression

[ x=y -a k=j ]                   and in expression

---

Test Objects (Files, Directories, etc.)

test "true" if:                 ksh

-----------------------------------

object exist                    -a

readable                        -r

writable                        -w

executable                      -x

non-zero length                 -s

zero length

directory                       -d

plain file                      -f

symbolic link                   -h

named pipe                      -p

block special file              -b

character special file          -c

soft link                       -L

socket                          -S

owned by me                     -O

owned by my group              not

"sticky" bit set                -k

set-group-ID bit set            -g

set-user-id bit set             -u

opened on a terminal           not

---

Format of flow control functions

"if-then"               if _expr_ then

                            _cmd(s)_

                        elif _expr_

                            _cmd(s)_

                        else

                            _cmd(s)_

                        fi

"case"                  case _word_ in

                            _pattern1_)   _cmd(s)_

                            _pattern2_)   _cmd(s)_

                            *)            break ;;

                        esac

"while"                 while _expr_ do

                            _cmd(s)_

                        done

"for"                   for _variable_ in _list_

                            _cmd(s)_

                        done

"until"                 until _expr_

                        do

                            _cmd(s)_

                        done

---

POSITIONAL PARAMETER

program, function or shell                         $0

argument 1 through 9                               $1 .. $9

nth argument                                       ${n}

number of positional parameters                    $#

every positional parameter                         $@, $*

decimal value returned by last executed cmd        $?

pid of shell                                       $$

pid of last backgrounded command                   $!

---

REDIRECTIONS

0             stdin

1             stdout

2             stderr

<&-           close stdin

>&-           close stdout

<>filename    open filename for read-write

2>&1          open 2 for write and dup as 1

Examples:

  cmd 2>/dev/null

  cmd >/dev/null 2>&1

  exec 1<&-           # close descriptor 1

  exec 2<&-           # close descriptor 2

  exec 1< /dev/null   # open descriptor 1

  exec 2< /dev/null   # open descriptor 2

 

---

OTHER FUNCTIONALITIES

cmd1 || cmd2    exec cmd2 if cmd1 fail

cmd1 && cmd2    exec cmd2 if cmd1 is OK

V1=${V2:=V3}    Set V1 with the value of V2 if this is set else set the

                variable V1 with value of V3 (V3 could be a number).

                sh replacement:  if [ $V2 ] ; then

                                                V1=$V2

                                 else

                                                V1=$V3

                Example: DisplaySize=${LINES:24} ; Command=${Command:"cat"}

${V1:?word}     if V1 set  & V1!=null   ret $V1 else print word and exit

                  : ${V1:?"variable V1 not set on null"}

${V1:=word}     if V1 !set | V1==null   set V1=$word

${V1:-word}     if V1 set  & V1!=null   ret $V1 else ret word

${V1:+word}     if V1 set  & V1!=null   ret word else ret nothing

${V1##patt}

${V1#patt}      if patt are found at the begin of V1 return V1 whitout the patt

                else return V1

                V1="lspwd" ; ${V1#"ls"}  # exec pwd

${V1%%patt}

${V1%patt}      if patt are found at the end of V1 return V1 whitout the patt

                else return V1

                V1="lspwd" ; ${V1%"pwd"}  # exec ls

---

EXAMPLES

- Explode a command for use parameters counter

    set `who -r` ; [ "$8" != "0" ] && exit

- declare a variable for only uppercase/lovercase chars

    typeset -u VAR ; VAR="lower" ; echo $VAR   -> LOWER

    typeset -l VAR ; VAR="UPPER" ; echo $VAR   -> upper

- exec

- eval - esegue il comando dato come argomento

- let - esegue le operazioni matematiche che passate come argomento

 let "x = x * 5"

 ((x = x * 5))  .. altra forma di let

---

REGULAR EXPRESSION

- ritorna la prima lettera dopo il segno - all'inizio di una stringa

    VAR="-ciao"

    RESULT=`expr "$VAR" : "-\(.\)"`

    echo $RESULT        .. -c

- toglie il '-' iniziale

    VAR="-ciao"

    VAR=`expr "$VAR" : "-*\(.*\)"`

    echo $VAR           .. ciao

- ritorna la lunghezza di una stringa

    VAR="ciao"

    echo `expr length $SHELL`      .. 4

- ritorna l'indice di dove incontra una substringa

    echo `expr index abcdef de`    .. 4

- ritorna 6 caratteri a partire dall'11

    expr substr "Goodnight Ladies" 11 6     .. Ladies

---

ARRAY

- definisce un array

 set -A Week Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri

- ritorna un elemento dell'array

 echo ${Week[3]}       .. Tue

 id=3 ; echo ${Week[id]}     .. Tue

- stampa tutti gli elemti di un array

 echo ${Week[@]}       .. Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri

- scandisce un array

    for day in ${Week[@]}

    do

        echo $day

    done

- ritorna il numero di elementi in un array

 nelem=${#Week[@]} ; echo $nelem   .. 7

Quick Unix Tutorial

Quick Unix Tutorial

Examples of Basic Commands

Action	Command	Examples
appent to file	cat >>	cat >> file1
combine 2 files	cat	cat file1 file2 > file3
copy files	cp	cp myfile copymyfile
create a file	cat	cat > newfile
edit files	vi	vi file
list files	ls	ls bin/
move a file	mv	mv file1 doc/chapter1
remove a file	rm	rm unwantedfile
rename a file	mv	mv oldfilename newfilename
view files	cat pg more less view	cat file pg file2 file3 view file6 file7

Directories	Command	Examples
change to another directory	cd	cd example/first/
create a directory	mkdir	mkdir example1
find out where you are	pwd	pwd
go to your home directory	cd	cd
remove an emplty eirectory	rmdir	rmdir junk

Redirection of Output or Input
>    redirects the output of a command to a file
>>  redircts the output of a command to the end of an existing file
<    takes the input of a command form a file, not the terminal

Summary of Basic Commands

• apropos  locate commands by keyword lookup
• arch  display the architecture of the current host
• cal  display a calendar
  cal [month] year
  
  • month   number between 1 and 12
  • year      number between 1 and 9999
  Examples:
  cal 1996      print calendar for year 1996
  cal 1 1997   print calendar for January 1997
  
• cancel  send/cancel requests to an LP print service
• cat  concatenate and display files (To view files, create files, append to files and combine files)
  cat [options] [files]
  Examples:
  cat files                read file(s)
  cat > file              create file (reads form terminal; terminate input with ^D)
  cat >> file            append to file (reads form terminal; terminate input with ^D)
  cat file2 >> file1   appends contents of file2 to file1
  
• cd  shell built-in functions to change the current working directory
• chdir  shell built-in functions to change the current working directory
• chgrp  change the group ownership of a file
• chmod  change the permissions mode of a file
• chown  change owner of file
• clear  clear the terminal screen
• cp  copy files
• date  print and set the date
• dc  arbitrary precision desktop calculator
• dos2unix  convert text file from DOS format to ISO format
• eject  eject media such as CD-ROM and floppy from drive
• exit  shell built-in functions to enable the execution of the shell to advance beyond its sequence of steps
• file  determine the type of a file by examining its contents
• head  display first few lines of files
• lp  send/cancel requests to an LP print service
• lpstat  print information about the status of the LP print service
• ls  list the contents of a directory
  ls [options] [directories]
  the current working directory used if no directories specified
  A few options:
  
  • -a    list all entries includeing hidden files (starting with .)
  • -i    print inode numbers
  • -l    long list (mode, links, owner, group, size, timeof last modification, and name
  • -t    sort by modification time
  • -x    multi-column list, sorted across each row
• Mail, mailx, mail rmail interactive message processing system to read mail or send mail to users
  mail [options] users
  Examples:
  mail                           with no options, to read your mail
  mail user                     to send mail to user
  mail user < filename     mail a file to another user
  
• mkdir  make directories
• more  browse or page through a text file
• mv  move files
• nispasswd  change NIS+ password information
• page  browse or page through a text file
• pg  files perusal filter for CRTs
• pr  print files
• ps  display the status of current processes
• pwd  working directory name
• rm  remove files or directories
• rmdir  remove files or directories
• spell  find spelling errors
• tail  deliver the last part of a file
• umask  shell built-in function to restrict read/write/execute permissions
• unix2dos  convert text file from ISO format to DOS format
• vi  screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex
• view  screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex
• w who is logged in, and what are they doing
• wc  display a count of lines, words and characters in a file
• which  locate a command; display its pathname or alias
• who  who is on the system
• whoami  display the effective current username
• whois  Internet user name directory service
• write write to another user